Sales Salesmen

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Thursday 11 July 2013

A NEW TWIST IN ALTAF HUSSAIN CASE BY BBC

 A  NEW TWIST IN ALTAF HUSSAIN CASE BY BBC

 

لندن میں میٹروپولیٹن پولیس نے بی بی سی کو بتایا ہے کہ متحدہ قومی موومنٹ کے قائد الطاف حسین کے خلاف منی لانڈرنگ اور تشدد پر اکسانے کے الزامات کے تحت تحقیقات شروع کی جا رہی ہیں۔

میٹروپولیٹن پولیس نے بی بی سی اردو سروس کو ایک تحریری جواب میں متحدہ قومی موومنٹ کے قائد الطاف حسین کی رہائش گاہ اور دفتر پر چھاپوں میں قابل ذکر رقوم کی برآمدگی کی تصدیق کرتے ہوئے کہا ہے کہ اس بارے میں تحقیقات شروع کر دی گئی ہیں تاہم پولیس کا کہنا ہے کہ اس سلسلے میں تاحال کوئی گرفتاری عمل میں نہیں لائی گئی ہy

اس کے علاوہ لندن پولیس نے بی بی سی کے پروگرام نیوز نائٹ کے لیے تیار کی جانے والی ایک رپورٹ کے دوران بی بی سی کے نمائندے اوئن بینٹ جونز کو بتایا کہ الطاف حسین کے خلاف منی لانڈرنگ اور تشدد پر اکسانے کے الزامات پر باضابطہ تحقیقات کی جا رہی ہیں جبکہ ڈاکٹر عمران فاروق قتل کیس میں بھی تحقیقات جاری و ساری ہیں۔


پولیس نے بی بی سی اردو کو بتایا کہ ڈاکٹر عمران فاروق کے قتل کی تحقیقات کے سلسلے میں انسداد دہشت گردی کے یونٹ نے الطاف حسین کے دفتر پر پہلا چھاپہ چھ دسمبر سنہ دو ہزار بارہ کو پولیس اینڈ کرمنل ایویڈنس ایکٹ کے تحت مارا تھا جس کے دوران دفتر سے نقد رقم برآمد ہوئی تھی۔

پولیس نے اس رقم کے بارے میں مزید کوئی تفصیل فراہم نہیں کی تاہم ان کا کہنا ہے کہ یہ رقم پروسیڈ آف کرائم ایکٹ کے تحت قبضے میں لے لی گئی۔

پولیس نے اٹھارہ جون دو ہزار تیرہ کو شمالی لندن کے دو مکانات پر بھی چھاپہ مارا تھا۔ یہ چھاپہ پولیس اینڈ کرمنل ایکٹ کی دفعہ آٹھ کے تحت مارا گیا اور پولیس کے مطابق اس میں ’قابل ذکر‘ مقدار میں رقم قبضے میں لی گئی۔

"بی بی سی پر ایم کیو ایم کے بارے میں فلم اس پراپیگنڈے کا حصہ ہے جو طالبان کے ساتھ ہمدردی رکھنے والوں کے زیرِ اثر کیا جا رہا ہے۔۔۔الطاف حسین نے کسی موقع پر بھی پیٹ پھاڑنے یا لاشوں کے لیے بوری بنانے کی بات نہیں کی۔"

فاروق ستار، رہنما ایم کیو ایم

اتنی بڑی رقم کے برآمد ہونے کے بعد جس کی کا کوئی حساب بھی نہیں دیا جا سکا منی لانڈرنگ کی تحقیقات شروع کیے جانے پر غور کیا جانے لگا تھا۔

پولیس کے مطابق وہ اس بارے میں تحقیقات کر رہی ہے کہ یہ رقم کہاں سے اور کن حالات میں ان جگہوں پر پہنچی۔

خیال رہے کہ لندن پولیس ایم کیو ایم کے سابق رہنما ڈاکٹر عمران فاروق کے قتل کے سلسلے میں پہلے ہی تحقیقات کر رہی ہے۔ پولیس نے اس سلسلے میں ایک سال قبل کراچی میں دو اشخاص کی گرفتاریوں کو اہم قرار دیا ہے اور اس بارے میں پولیس پاکستانی حکام سے بھی رابطے میں ہے۔

پولیس نے گزشتہ ماہ لندن کے ہیتھرو ایئرپورٹ ہر کینیڈا سے لندن پہنچنے والے ایک شخص کو بھی گرفتار کیا تھا جس کا نام ظاہر نہیں کیا گیا۔ اس شخص کو کئی گھنٹوں کی تفتیش کے بعد ضمانت پر ستمبر 2013 تک رہا کر دیا گیا تھا۔

ڈاکٹر عمران فاروق کو سولہ ستمبر سنہ دو ہزار دس میں قتل کر دیا گیا تھا اور ان کے قتل کو تین سال مکمل ہونے والے ہیں۔

مزید براں چند ماہ پہلے الطاف حسین کی ایک تقریر کے بعد لندن پولیس کو ہزاروں کی تعداد میں لندن میں مقیم پاکستانیوں اور پاکستان سے بھی شکایات موصول ہوئی تھیں۔ ان شکایات کے بعد لندن پولیس نے الطاف حسین کے مذکورہ خطاب کا متن ہوم آفس کو ترجمے اور تجزیے کے لیے بھجوا دیا تھا۔

پولیس نے تاحال اس بارے میں کچھ نہیں بتایا کہ انھیں ہوم آفس سے اس تقریر کے بارے میں کیا مشورہ دیا گیا ہے۔

بیس سال سے خود ساختہ جلا وطنی

ایم کیو ایم کے قائد الطاف حسین نے گزشتہ بیس سال سے خود ساختہ جلا وطنی اختیار کر رکھی ہے اور وہ برطانوی شہریت بھی حاصل کر چکے ہیں۔ حال ہی میں انہوں نے اپنے ایک خطاب میں برطانوی پولیس پر انہیں ڈاکٹر عمران فاروق کے قتل میں ملوث کرنے کا الزام بھی عائد کیا تھا

بی بی سی کے پروگرام نیوز نائٹ میں الطاف حسین کے برطانوی وزیر اعظم کو سنہ دو ہزار ایک میں لکھے گئے اس خط کی بھی تصدیق کی گئی ہے جس کے لکھے جانے اور وصول کیے جانے کی ایم کیو ایم اور برطانوی حکومت تردید کر تے رہے ہیں۔

نیوز نائٹ نے دفترِ خارجہ سے یہ خط معلومات تک رسائی کے حق کے قانون کے تحت حاصل کیا۔ یہ خط اس وقت کے وزیر اعظم ٹونی بلیئر کو لکھا گیا تھا جسے بعد میں برطانوی دفترِ خارجہ کو بھیج دیا گیا۔

 

الطاف حسین نے جنہوں نے گزشتہ بیس سال سے خود ساختی جلا وطنی اختیار کر رکھی ہے اور برطانوی شہریت بھی حاصل کر چکے ہیں، ستمبر دو ہزار گیارہ کے حملوں کے چند ہفتوں کے بعد اس خط میں برطانوی حکومت کو جہادیوں کے خلاف خفیہ معلومات حاصل کرنے میں مدد فراہم کرنے کی پیش کش کی تھی۔

االطاف حسین پر لگائے جانے والے الزامات پر ایم کیو ایم کے سینیئر رہنما اور رابطہ کمیٹی کے سابق ڈپٹی کنوینر ڈاکٹر فاروق ستار کا کہنا ہے کہ بی بی سی پر ایم کیو ایم کے بارے میں فلم اس پراپیگنڈے کا حصہ ہے جو طالبان کے ساتھ ہمدردی رکھنے والوں کے زیرِ اثر کیا جا رہا ہے۔

بی بی سی کے پروگرام نیوز نائٹ میں میزبان جیریمی پیکسمین کے سوالات کے جواب میں ان کا کہنا تھا کہ الطاف حسین نے کسی موقع پر بھی ’پیٹ پھاڑنے ‘ یا لاشوں کے لیے بوری بنانے کی بات نہیں کی۔

فاروق ستار نے پولیس کے چھاپے کے دوران ایم کیو ایم کے دفاتر اور الطاف حسین کے گھر سے ملنے والی رقم کے حوالے سے تسلیم کیا کہ یہ رقم برآمد ہوئی ہے لیکن ان کا کہنا تھا کہ چونکہ پولیس اس معاملے میں تحقیقات کر رہی ہے لہٰذا وہ اس بارے میں کچھ بھی نہیں کہیں گے۔

خیال رہے کہ الطاف حسین نے گزشتہ ماہ کے آخر میں پاکستان میں اپنی جماعت کے کارکنوں سے ایک ٹیلیفونک خطاب میں کہا تھا کہ سکاٹ لینڈ یارڈ اور لندن کی میٹروپولیٹن پولیس نے لندن میں واقع اُن کے گھر کا کئی گھنٹے تک محاصرہ کیا اور تلاشی کے دوران ان کے گھر سے سامان اٹھا کر لے گئی ہے۔

ان کا یہ بھی کہنا تھا کہ پولیس انھیں ایم کیو ایم کے سابق رہنما ڈاکٹر عمران فاروق کے قتل میں ملوث کرنے کی سازش کر رہی ہے اور برطانوی اسٹیبلشمنٹ اور حکومت بڑی صفائی سے ان کی جان لے سکتی ہے۔

Saturday 14 July 2012

Those Who Fight

America's revolution was both a civil war within British North The united states and, by 1778, part of a world war involving European powers. The British fought the war with an army of professional soldiers, lifetime recruits who were subject to strict military discipline. They also employed soldiers from French states as well as a giant number of loyalists, American supporters of British rule who formed their own military units and fought against patriot forces.
The patriots, those who favored independence, developed their own Continental Army, which consisted initially of New England militiamen besieging the British in Boston and then of soldiers supplied by various colonies. They also relied on local militia units, whose members served for short terms, and partisan forces, in the South. The Marquis de Lafayette, Baron Friedrich W. A. von Steuben, and other European officers made significant contributions to the patriot cause. So, , after 1778, did Italian soldiers and sailors, in the 1779 siege of British-held Savannah and in helping Washington's army trap Lord Cornwallis's massive British force at Yorktown in 1781. With an overall objective of slowing the advance of white settlement, American Indians were divided in their loyalties. Depending on local conditions, they joined the side they thought would favor their interests. Although Southerners opposed their use, some five,000 African Americans fought side by side with whites for the patriot cause and their own freedom; tens of thousands more enslaved African Americans sought freedom with the British forces.


 
Image: Slavery was practiced in every colony in 1775.African Americans In The Revolutionary Period
 "How is it that they listen to the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of Negroes?" Samuel Johnson, the great English writer and dictionary maker, posed this query in 1775. They was among the first, but definitely not the last, to contrast the noble aims of the American Revolution with the presence of 450,000 enslaved African Americans in the 13 colonies. Slavery was practiced in every colony in 1775, but it was crucial to the economy and social structure from the Chesapeake region south to Georgia. Slave labor produced the great export crops of the South-tobacco, rice, indigo, and naval stores. Bringing slaves from Africa and the West Indies had made settlement of the New World feasible and highly profitable. Who could predict what breaking away from the British Empire might mean for black people in The united states?

The British governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, quickly saw the vulnerability of the South's slaveholders. In November 1775, they issued a proclamation promising freedom to any slave of a rebel who could make it to the British lines. Dunmore organized an "Ethiopian" brigade of about 300 African Americans, who saw action at the Battle of Great Bridge (December 9, 1775). Dunmore & the British were soon expelled from Virginia, but the prospect of armed former slaves fighting alongside the British must have struck fear in to plantation masters across the South.

 African Americans in New England rallied to the patriot cause & were part of the militia forces that were organized in to the new Continental Army. About five percent of the American soldiers at the Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775) were black. New England blacks mostly served in integrated units & received the same pay as whites, although no African American is known to have held a rank higher than corporal.

It has been estimated that at least five,000 black soldiers fought on the patriot side in the work of the Revolutionary War. The exact number will seldom be known because eighteenth century muster rolls usually did not indicate race. Cautious comparisons between muster rolls and church, census, and other records have recently helped identify plenty of black soldiers. Additionally, various eyewitness accounts provide some indication of the level of African Americans' participation in the work of the war. Baron von Closen, a member of Rochambeau's French army at Yorktown, wrote in July 1781, "A quarter of them [the American army] are Negroes, merry, confident and sturdy."

The use of African Americans as soldiers, whether freemen or slaves, was avoided by Congress & General Washington early in the war. The prospect of armed slave revolts proved more threatening to white society than British redcoats. General Washington allowed the enlistment of free blacks with "prior military experience" in January 1776, & extended the enlistment terms to all free blacks in January 1777 in order to help fill the depleted ranks of the Continental Army. Because the states constantly failed to meet their quotas of manpower for the army, Congress authorized the enlistment of all blacks, free & slave, in 1777. Of the southern states, only Maryland allowed African Americans to enlist. In 1779, Congress offered slave masters in South Carolina & Georgia $1,000 for each slave they provided to the army, but the legislatures of both states refused the offer. Thus, the greatest number of African American soldiers in the American army came from the North.

Although most Continental regiments were integrated, a notable exception was the elite First Rhode Island. Mustered in to service in July 1778, the First Rhode Island numbered 197 black enlisted men commanded by white officers. Baron von Closen described the regiment as "the most neatly dressed, the best under arms, & the most exact in its maneuvers." The regiment received its baptism of fire at the battle of Rhode Island (Newport) on August 29, 1778, successfully defeating assaults by veteran Hessian troops. At the siege of Yorktown, on the night of October 14, 1781, the regiment's light company participated in the assault & capture of Redoubt ten. On June 13, 1783, the regiment was disbanded, receiving high praise for its service. Another notable black unit, recruited in the French colony of St. Domingue (present-day Haiti), fought with the French & patriots at the Battle of Savannah (October 9, 1779).

When the British launched their southern campaign in 1780, of their aims was to scare Americans back to the crown by raising the fear of giant slave revolts. The British encouraged slaves to run away to their strongholds, promising final freedom. The strategy backfired, as slave owners rallied to the patriot cause as the best way to maintain order & the plantation process. Tens of thousands of African Americans sought refuge with the British, but fewer than one,000 served as soldiers. The British made heavy use of the escapees as teamsters, cooks, nurses, & laborers. At the war's conclusion, some twenty,000 blacks left with the British, preferring an uncertain future elsewhere to a return to their elderly masters. American blacks ended up in Canada, Britain, the West Indies, & Europe. Some were sold back in to slavery. In 1792, one,200 black loyalists who had settled in Nova Scotia left for Sierra Leone, a colony on the west coast of Africa established by Britain specifically for former slaves.

The Revolution brought alter for some American blacks, although nothing approaching full equality. The fearless military service of African Americans and the revolutionary spirit ended slavery in New England very immediately. The middle states of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey adopted policies of gradual emancipation from 1780 to 1804. Plenty of of the founders opposed slavery in principle (including some whose wealth was largely in human property). Individual manumissions increased following the Revolution. Still, free blacks in both the North and South faced persistent discrimination in virtually every aspect of life, notably employment, housing, and schooling. Plenty of of the founders hoped that slavery would finally disappear in the American South. When cotton became king in the South after 1800, this hope died. There was  much profit to be made working slaves on cotton plantations. The statement of human equality in the Declaration of Independence was never entirely forgotten, however. It remained as an ideal that could be appealed to by civil rights activists through the following decades.

                A Brave and Gallant Soldier   "Salem Poor"

In the Massachusetts State Archives is a petition to the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, stating that in the "late Battle at Charlestown," a man from Colonel Frye's Regiment "behaved like an experienced officer" & that in this man "centers a brave & gallant soldier." This document, dated December of 1775, six months after the Battle of Bunker Hill, is signed by fourteen officers who were present at the battle, including Colonel William Prescott. Of the two,400 to four,000 colonists who participated in the battle, no other man is singled out in this manner.

This hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill is Salem Poor of Andover, Massachusetts. Although documents show that Poor, along together with his regiment and others, were sent to Bunker Hill to build a fort and other fortifications on the night of June 16, 1775, they have no details about what Poor did to earn the praise of these officers. The petition basically states "to set forth the particulars of his conduct would be tedious." Perhaps his courageous deeds were lots of to mention.

Few details of this hero's life are obtainable to us. Born a slave in the late 1740s, Poor managed to buy his freedom in 1769 for 27 pounds, which represented a year's wage for the typical working man. He married Nancy, a free African-American woman, and they had a son. Salem Poor left his spouse and kid behind in May 1775 and fought for the patriot cause at Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Monmouth. They can only speculate about the motives for Poor's sacrifice: was it patriotism, a search for new experience, or the prospect of a brand new and better life? The Battle of Bunker Hill was a daring and provocative act against established authority; all who participated could well have been hanged for treason. Shut out from lots of opportunities in colonial society, Salem Poor selected to fight for an independent nation. In the words of Harriet Beecher Stowe, the bravery of Poor and other African-American soldiers "has a peculiar beauty and merit."

Interesting Facts About China

                                              Interesting Facts About China

The modern word China most likely derives from the name of the Qin (pronounced china) dynasty. First Emperor Qin Shi Huang (260-210 B.C.) of the Qin dynasty first unified China in 221 B.C., beginning an Imperial period which would last until A.D. 1912.k

China is often thought about the longest continuous civilization, with some historians marking 6000 B.C. as the dawn of Chinese civilization. It also has the world's longest continuously used written language. 
 
China is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada, & the U.S.). It's an area of three,719,275 square miles (slightly smaller than the U.S.) & its borders with other countries total over 117,445 miles. About five,000 islands lie off the Chinese coast. 
 
One  in every people in the world is Chinese. China's population is estimated to reach a whopping one,338,612,968 by July 2009. Chinas population is times that of the United States. 
 
Fortune cookies are not a traditional Chinese custom. They were invented in 1920 by a worker in the Key Heong Noodle Factory in San Francisco.
 
China is also called the Flowery Kingdom & lots of of the fruits & flowers (such as the orange & orchid) are now grown all over the world.   
                                                                                                                                                                    
Toilet paper was Invented in China, toilet paper was initially only for emperors
Toilet paper was invented in China in the late 1300s. It was for emperors only.
The Chinese invented paper, the compass, gunpowder, & printing.

The Chinese invented kites (paper birds or Aeolian harps) about three,000 years ago. They were used to frighten the enemies in battle, & Marco Polo (1254-1324) noted that kites were also used to foretell the success of a voyage. It was thought about bad luck to intentionally let a kite go.
 
Cricket fighting is a well-liked amusement in China. Lots of Chinese children keep crickets as pets.m

Despite its size, all of China is in time zone.h
 
Plenty of historians think soccer originated in China around 1000 B.C.f
 
Ping-pong is of the most popular games in China, but it was not invented in China. It originated in Britain, where it is called table tennis.m
   

stamp collecting Viewed as a status symbol, stamp collecting is China's number hobby
The number hobby in China is stamp collecting.
 
Giant Pandas (ear cat) date back to million years. The early Chinese emperors kept pandas to ward off nasty spirits and natural disasters. Pandas also were thought about symbols of might and bravery.i
 
White, than black, is the Chinese color for mourning and funerals.
 
Though Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is credited with designing the first parachute, Chinese alchemists successfully used man-carrying tethered kites by the fourth century A.D. Parachutes were not used safely and effectively in Europe until the late 1700s.
 
The custom of binding feet (euphemistically called golden lilies) began among female entertainers and members of the Chinese court in the coursework of the Song dynasty (A.D. 960-1279). Tightly wrapped bandages gradually broke the arch of the foot and caused the woman's toes and heel to grow inward toward another. Her leg muscles would also atrophy and become narrow. Bound feet were seen as highly sexual.m
Historians speculate that as the Chinese population grew, people had to preserve cooking fuel by chopping food in to small pieces so that it could cook faster. These bite-sized foods eliminated the necessity for knives and, hence, chopsticks were invented.
 
In A.D. 130, Zhang Heng, an astronomer and literary scholar, invented the first device for monitoring earthquakes. The machine could detect and indicate the direction of an earthquake.
   

 
The Chinese invented ice cream by packing a milk mixture and rice in to snow
 
China invented ice cream, and Marco Polo is rumored to have taken the recipe (along with the recipe for noodles) back with him to Europe.
 
A civil servant named Su Song built the first mechanical clock between A.D 1088 and 1092. It could tell the time of day and also track the constellations so that correct horoscopes could be determined.
 
On September 27, 2008, Zhai Zhigang made the first spacewalk by a Chinese astronaut.
 
The Chinese were the first to invent the waterwheel to harness water in A.D. 311,200 years before the Europeans. China was also the first country in the world to make use of an iron plow. Europe didn't start using the iron plow until the seventeenth century.
 
The name of China's capital has changed over the centuries. At time or another it's been known as Yanjing, Dadu, and Beiping. Peking or Beijing means Northern Capital. Beijing is the officially sanctioned pinyin spelling based on the Mandarin dialect. Beijing is the second largest city after Shanghai.
 
It was customary for rich men and females in the late empire to grow the nails of their small fingers very long as a sign of their rank. They often wore decorative gold and silver nail guards to protect their nails.

Friday 13 July 2012

Chinese Legendary Stories 4

 Bian Que was a popular doctor of Cai. day they came across King Cai Huan, looked at him for some time & said, "You are ill. But it doesn't matter, since the disease is yet skin deep. It is simple to cure."

The king squinted at him & said, "Many thanks. But I need no treatment at all! I am as fit as a fiddle."
 
After his departure, the king made comments on him, saying to his men, "That's the way a doctor shows his skills: treating healthy patients to cure non-illness."

10 days later, the king met with Bain Que again & doctor mentioned his disease one time more, "Your Majesty, the disease now has got in to your muscles. You ought to not make light of it. take some medicine."

Bian Que shook his head & left without another word.

Another ten  days passed. When modify happened to put them together, Bian Que said to the king in earnest, "Really Your Majesty! The disease is now already dwelling in your stomach & bowels. It will be mortal in the event you persist in objecting to a treatment in time!"

The king pulled a long face & rejected the advice.

Thus a dozen more days had slipped by before Bian Que showed his face. But not very had he seen King Cai Huan when he took to his heels in a great hurry. puzzled, the king sent a man to find out the reason. When the man caught up with Bian Que, the latter replied, "It's curable when a disease doesn't create to its deadly degree. But now, by refusing a treatment, His Majesty has allowed his disease in to his marrow, a case that nobody can deal with successfully."

Five days afterwards, the king felt his body aching all over. Without delay they sent for Bian Que. But, foreseeing this, Bian Que had long gone to Qin and dodged such a request.

King Cai Huan dies at last, filled with pain and regret.

Acupuncture diagnosis and treatment (with needles etc.,) is in part of this kind, believe it or not.



                                                              SILVER TROUBLES

Zhang San had managed to save up hundred ounces of silver. It gave him both happiness and anxiety. It was a immense amount of money, but if it were stolen, the pleasure of owning it would be gone. He racked his brains, trying to discover a place that was safe for his treasure. At last a fine idea came to mind: "Why don't I put my silver in to a solid box and lock it with giant locks? But what if the thief basically takes away the whole box with the locks and the silver in it?"

The more they pictured his riches being taken away, the more uneasy they felt, till nightmares made him shout in despair. They looked around, but could see no safe place in his house at all. But several days' hard thinking a lovely suggestion came. When night fell, they dug a hole at the base of the wall in his back room. There they buried the silver in secret. To make it safer, they put a note on the wall.

My silver is not buried here."

Now Zhang San set his heart at ease and fell to sleeping soundly. But his neighbour Wang Er had seen what happened. He waited till midnight and then went to dig out the silver. Wand Er also thought up a plan not to be suspected. Side by side with Zhang San's note, he put another, which read.

"Your neighbour Wang Er did not steal it."

The Chinese Legendary Stories 3

 Master Chuang was running in the mountains when they saw a large tree, its branches & leaves thick & lush. A woodcutter paused by its side but made no move to cut it down. When Master Chuang asked the reason, they answered, " There is nothing it could be used for!"

Master Chuang said, "Because it is valueless to men like us, this tree can live out the years Heaven gave it."

Down from the mountain, the Master stopped for a night at the house of an elderly mate. Delighted at that, the mate ordered his son to kill a goose & prepare it. "One of the geese can cackle & the other cannot," said the son. "So which ought to I kill, dad?"

 "The that cannot cackle," said his dad, the host.

Next day Master Chuang's disciples questioned him. "The tree you know, got to live to a full, reap age because it seems valueless. The goose gets killed for a similar thing. What position ought to you take in that case, Master?"

Master Chuang laughed, saying, "I would say about halfway between those poles apart - between worth and worthlessness, in all likelihood. But even if "halfway" might appear a lovely position, you do not get away from trouble there.

Another thing would be to climb up on the Way (Tao) - that is different! There go drifting and wandering, neither praised nor damned, shifting a bit with the times, taking grand harmony (Tao) for your measure. Then, could you get in to any trouble?" .

Comment
The ancient Chinese fable master Chuang Tzu [roughly 300 BC] mentions there may lie benefits in making oneself utterly useless, not useful, & yet, in other circumstances, lots of danger, even death.

There is more to life than lessons had from crooked, useless trees. A human cannot always reach up that high -
Now, it usually pays well to go about your business at hand meticulously, carefully, guardedly, & . . . [fill in].


                                                   THE LOST MARE

One day, an elderly man living on the frontier lost of his mares. All his neighbors felt sorry for him & came to console him. But the elderly man was not in the least disheartened. "Well," he said lightly. "I don't care much about it. Who can say that it is not for nice also?"

A few days later, the mare came back itself, accompanied by a fine wild horse. The neighbours were surprised and came to congratulate, filled with praise of the horse. But the elderly man showed no sign of happiness. "Joy often begets sorrow," they said, "So who cannot tell if this won't turn out to be a bad thing."

Now the elderly man's son was raring to go on riding, and the new horse, vigorous and wild, was a great temptation to him. Every day they took particular interest in fighting with it on its back, risking his neck. At length they was thrown off the horse and got of his legs broken.

Not long after the country was attacked by invaders, and to resist the violent assault, all the young people on the frontier were summoned up to join the army. The fight was fierce, and most of the young men laid down their lives on the battle fields. But because of his injured leg, the elderly man's son was allowed to stay at home, and thus saved his life.

The neighbours again came to lament the young man's misfortunes. But the elderly man shook his head and said philosophically "Well, don't mind it much. They know lovely and bad fortune often lurk within each other. So are you able to select if it is not a blessing in disguise?"


                                              THE SUSPECTED THIEF

A man lost his axe & suspected that it had been stolen by his neighbor's son. They watched the youth closely & his suspicion brewed increasingly. "Doesn't they walk the way a thief does? & his appearance, manner, the language they makes use of, all are a robber's."

But a few days later the axe was present in the valley where they had worked with it. Obviously it was his carelessness that had made him lose the axe. "So I have blamed the young man wrongly, " they thought.

Now when they met his neighbor's son, things looked different. The youth by no means looked like a thief: his walk, his looks, his behavior & talk were all innocent.

GREAT LEGENDARY CHINA WALL Story

Great China Wall  Story

The history of the Great Wall is said to start from the Spring and Autumn Periods when seven powerful states appeared simultaneously. In order to defend themselves, all of them built walls and stationed troops on the borders. At that time, the total length of the wall had already reached three,107 miles, belonging to different states.

In 221 BC, the Emperor Qin absorbed the other six states and set up the first unified kingdom in Chinese history. In order to strengthen his newly born authority and defend the Huns in the north, they ordered connecting the walls one time built by the other states as well as adding some sections of his own. Thus was formed the long Qin's Great Wall which started from the east of today's Liaoning Province and ended at Lintao, Gansu Province. In the Western Han Dynasty, the Huns became more powerful. The Han court began to build more walls on a bigger scale in order to consolidate the frontier. In the west, the wall along the Hexi corridor, Yumenguan Pass, and Yangguan Pass was built. In the north, Yanmenguan Pass and Niangziguan Pass in Shanxi were set up. Lots of more sections of the wall extended to Yinshan Mountain and half of the ancient Silk Road was along the Han's wall.
The Northern Wei, Northern Qi & Northern Zhou Dynasties all built their own sections but on a smaller scale than the walls in the Han Dynasty. The powerful Tang Dynasty saw peace between the northern tribes & central China most of the time, so few Great Wall sections were built in this period. The Ming Dynasty is the peak of wall building in Chinese history. The Ming suffered a lot by disturbances from minority tribes such as the Dadan, Tufan & Nuzhen. The Ming court from its first emperor to the last ceaselessly built walls in the north. The main line started from Jiuliancheng near the Yalu River in the east to the Jiayuguan Pass in the west & measured over four,600 miles. Besides adding lots of more miles of its own, the Ming emperors ordered enlargement of the walls of earlier dynasties in to double-line or multi-line walls. For example, out of Yanmenguan Pass were added giant stone walls & 23 small stone walls. Eleven Garrisons were distributed along the main line of the wall. The limitless walls, fortresses, & watch towers made the country strongly fortified. In the early Qing Dynasty, some sections of the walls were repaired & several sections were extended. This great engineering work stopped in the midst of the Qing Dynasty. Owing to its long history, natural disasters and human activities, lots of sections of the Great Wall are severely damaged and disappearing. Being a world-famous engineering project and witness to the rise and fall of Chinese history, the Great Wall, needs us to take immediate action to protect it!

Thursday 12 July 2012

Chinese Legendary Stories 2

                                                        Guilts In The Heart

Once a person lost something, and though a couple of suspicious people were taken to the local officer, there wasn't one that would admint guilt. So the officer had a system of finding out the guilty. In the back they claimed they had a clock that could sense if a thief placed his hand on the clock it would chime.

So they made all of the suspects after the other enter the back room and touch the clock. In case you hadn't stolen anything, the clock would not chime. As they came out the officer inspected their hands and finally grabbed of the people and yelled.

"It was he who stole your thing." The culprit fainted, paralyzed in fear, & everybody was shocked & asked the officer how he knew. The officer with a smirk, said that on the top of the clock he painted a layer of ink. The culprit feared touching the clock & therefore had tidy hands.

Someone who does bad things often in his/her hearts feel the most guilt. From this guilty feeling arises fear. & fear will lead him to cover his crime. If they can rise up the fear & use it as a decoy then they can reveal the truth out of him.



                                             Go South BY Driving  A Chariot South

Once there was a fellow walking along the road when they saw a mate flying down toward him on the back of a chariot. "Where are you off to ?" they called.

"To the Chu Kingdom," came the reply.

"But the Chu Kingdom is to the south and you are heading north," they said. His mate smiled confidently, "No issues, my horse is speedy."

But if you are on the wrong road, it doesn't matter how fast your horse is !"

His mate smiled & replied, "No worries, I have plenty of money-lots !"

 



"If the road is wrong what use is funds ?"

"Well then my driver is exceptionally lovely." The man smiled through gritted teeth.

You must always check your direction otherwise all of your efforts will still be in vane, & you will seldom reach your destinations.

A full day of activities or a full schedule doesn't guarantee that you are already going towards your goals. Plenty of resources that are used don't guarantee that you are going to succeed, they can be a lot waste of energy.


The legendary story of Chinese military martial arts in the 1969 Sino-Soviet border wars

The legendary story of Chinese military martial arts in the 1969 Sino-Soviet border wars
 "Every year on August 1st, Chinese army units from all around collect to celebrate the Birthday of the Chinese Red Army. Senior and retired officers are invited to tell tales of their glorious past in order to inspire the more youthful generation. The following story is an account as told to me by Jian Zhou, a special forces officer of the 49th field Chinese Red Army (and my instructor) in Manchuria."

On March two, 1969, Chinese & Soviet troops opened fire on another on a small piece of disputed land located along the Ussuri River on the northeast border between Chinese Manchuria & the Soviet Union. This area is known to the Chinese as "Zhenbao" island (or "treasure island"). This was the first time in modern history that these communist superpowers have clashed. The sides fought again on March 14-15. This time using a bigger number of troops & armoured vehicles. Sporadic confrontations continued along the border in the approaching months with both sides claiming victory while blaming the other side for aggressive tactics. The strain had finally escalated to the point of rumours of a "limited nuclear confrontation" as being a possibility. The Chinese government immediately began a feverish anti-Soviet propoganda campaign & ordered the nation to prepare for war against this "new menace". Extensive networks of air raid tunnels & shelters were built & key military/industrial establishments were moved in to the hinterland. All across the Manchurian border, people would be busy digging shelters & taping their glass window in addition to conducting intensive military & guerrilla war training against the likelihood of a Soviet invasion.

 The immediate threat of war finally eased on September 11, 1969 when Soviet Premier, Alexei Kosygin, made an unscheduled cease in Beijing while on his way back from Ho Chi Minh's funeral in Hanoi for a three hour meeting with Chinese Premier Zhou. The agreed that efforts ought to be made to disengage the troops along the border & open talks ought to commence.

 So what was the actual reason behind this border war? Who started it in the first place? Both sides blame the other but in order to truly understand the actual cause of the 1969 Sino-Soviet border dispute, ought to first look at and understand the social and political situation surrounding that time.

 It is widely known that the Chinese Communists, after a long struggle, finally seized power in 1949. What is not widely known is that the Soviets had a pivotal role in helping the communist Chinese gain control. In 1945, Soviet troops attacked Japanese troops with lightening speed & liberated Manchuria in month. 

Monuments to honour these Soviet troops can still be seen today in Manchuria. The Soviets then allowed the Chinese Red Army to enter Manchuria & armed them with captured Japanese weapons in addition to training them. This directly lead to speed up the liberation of China. However, relations began to go bad in 1960 when Chinese Chairman Mao became fearful of Soviet control. In order to turn the Chinese people's attention away from domestic troubles caused by his now famous Cultural Revolution (1966-69), they announced that the nation's first threat is the Soviet Union. This directly encouraged the Chinese Red Army to look for trouble with Soviet border troops along the northern border.

The border agreement made in the coursework of friendlier times clearly said that the border would be defined by the main stream of the Ussuri River. However, in the summertime of 1968, local flooding had changed the route of the main stream & cut a piece of land from the Chinese side which was later called Zhenbao island. When winter arrived, frontier guards from both sides met occassionally on the disputed territory. At first, these confrontations were calm negotiations but later these oral arguments had escalated to violent confrontations. Most of these physical confrontations resulted in the larger & stronger Soviet soldiers beating their Chinese counterparts & kicking them back to their "border side". Also, Chinese attempts to photograph these beatings (in order to document it for propoganda) were neutralized by the Soviets as they would have no hesitation beating these "journalists" & taking their film.

 However, the Chinese soldiers, being eternally loyal to their "god" Chairman Mao & his revolutionary road, would always return to Zhenbao island to be beaten again & even die happily for their great leader. This irritated the Soviet troops more but the beatings seldom did escalate beyond unarmed combat as both sides feared the consequences of any use of weapons. Hence, these confrontations became known as "group street fights".

o save face, the Chinese Red Army decided day to send well trained special forces soldiers from the 49th field army regiment than the local frontier guards to deal with the larger Soviets. In addition, the "journalist" had been replaced by a top rating instructor of the special forces in order to finally document "Soviet aggression". These special forces were taught unarmed combat according to the 1963 version of the unarmed combat handbook of the Chinese Red Army. They could basically defeat the Soviet frontier guards in these unarmed "street fights". From intercepted messages on the Soviet side, it is known that the local Soviet commander reported to his superiors the replacement of the Chinese frontier guards with the formal field army special forces. Their judgement were based on the "new" Chinese troops' fighting stance, speed, kickboxing, & arm & neck control against Soviet troops. It was clear to the Soviets what had happened since they were involved in the training of the Chinese ten years prior.

In retaliation, the Soviet army decided to deploy their special forces for upcoming "street fights". The leader of this unit was known as the "Limped Lieutenant" because of his distinguished gait. It was reported that they injured his ankle tendon in combat training in the coursework of his professional career. Nevertheless, they was still an excellent boxer and on his arrival, plenty of Chinese soldiers had their noses broken. it was a common joke among the Chinese troops that "if you ought to ever meet the Limped Lieutenant in a street fight, you ought to give up hopes in trying to discover a future spouse!", meaning that your face would be smashed up and therefore, be unattractive.

Western boxing techniques, the front jab, impressed the Chinese. As mentioned earlier, the Chinese special forces were trained according to the 1963 manual which taught the use of the rear hand (which was kept low for protection of the groin) for offense and the front hand as a defensive shield. therefore, the front jab was a new idea as was keeping the rear hand high. In addition, in the coursework of the winter, it was found that kicks were difficult to execute safely because of the terrain and clothing worn. Therefore, the Chinese had lost any superiority with the introduction of Western boxing techniques. This later led the 49th field army to incorporate Western boxing in to their unarmed combat skills. This was achieved with the help of a branch of Red Army Intelligence known as the Department of Enemy Studies. Another lesson learnt from these border confrontations was that given equal skills, size of the combatants DOES matter. Therefore, soldiers chosen for the special forces tend to be larger in stature. in fact, this was how my instructor, Jian Zhou, was originally chosen. Given his physical demeanor (ht.=182 cm, wt.=85 kg), having a martial arts/wrestling background, and coming from a military relatives in Mongolia, choice in to the special forces was inevitable. In addition, it was discovered that wrestling skills and well-trained attacking skills from behind was useful in the coursework of "group street fights". From these lessons, it was decided to create a better training program for the Chinese soldiers based on application of scientific principles and direct observation in order to compensate for their overall smaller size and strength.

However, meanwhile, the Chinese special forces became frustrated with the defeat of their troops in these encounters. of the junior officers nicknamed "Xiao Shang Dong" (translation "the Shang Dong Kid") was famous for his martial arts & his skills in the broadsword. It ought to be noted that Shang Dong is of the Chinese provinces that plenty of think about the homeland of Chinese martial arts. Xiao Shang Dong had suggested a solution to these humiliating defeats would be to train their soldiers in broadsword techniques. However, in battle, they would use wooden sticks in lieu of swords so as it (the stick) would not be thought about a weapon. His superiors approved of his suggestion. In the following confrontation, Chinese soldiers, with their sticks hidden up their long sleeved jackets, basically chased away their Soviet counterparts who were taken by surprise by the speed & power of their stick techniques. Later on, the Soviets also tried to make use of sticks. However, their skills were not comparable to the Chinese. In famous confrontation, an angry & desperate Limped Lieutenant, having had his arm broken by Xiao Shang Dong, decided to open fire along with his handgun in order to survive & protect his troops. This caused a speedy escalation from both sides using heavy automatic weapons & a blood bath ensued. Oddly , the sole survivor of this confrontation was Xiao Shang Dong, despite having 7 shots entering his body from both sides. The Chinese government formally decorated him as "Red Army Hero" & every year on August 1st, they is invited to tell his story to the new soldiers of the 49th field army special forces.

The last crisis between China and the USSR occurred in 1979 when the Chinese had started an assault of Vietnam, the Soviet Union's "smaller brother". In order to help Vietnam, the Soviet volunteer army gathered on the Manchurian border near my homeland threatening invasion if the Chinese did not immediately withdraw from vietnam. I was in my second year of service in the 5th defense regiment of the Sheiyong defensive regional army group. They were based in the Great Xinan Range. They decided to move most of our forces behing the mountain ranges so as not to be vulnerable. It was reported that the Soviets had 25 mechanized infantry units and about 250,000 man gathered in front of us with air backup and they were asked to hold off the invasion for at least 24 hours so as reinforcements could be sent from the 23rd field army in Daqin Gas Field. They had available 12,000 men as well as a network of underground tunnels and fortresses built within the last twenty years. Casual rumours said that our commander had no confidence in our ability to hold off a Soviet invasion for 24 hours given the complexities of a dimensional assault (ie. air, tank, and troops). Hence, they helped train civilians in guerilla warfare tactics and the use of explosives and time bombs ought to an invasion and occupation occur. Fortunately, the Soviet invasion seldom did materialize as the Chinese withdrew from Vietnam after 9 days of assault.

After the collapse of the USSR, the border area remains calm. People can travel to the area without applying for special permission. The former Chinese secret police unit, anti-Soviet division, in the border area is known today as the Division of International and Political Security.

Today, former enemies visit each other for trade and exchange. in Canada, I had first introduced Chinese military martial arts to North The united states by a manual (Paladin Press 1996) I had written based on the 49th field army special forces and their experiences in the 1969 border dispute. Interestingly , I have met several former Russian military men here in my new found home, and have established a friendly relationship with the American Middle of Russian Martial Art who have also successfully submitted a manual on Russian combat skill to Paladin-Press. So who is process is better? I cannot honestly tell you. They probably must check our systems again in order to improve each other. However, this time, 27 years after the border disputes, it won't be for the sake of war, but in lieu an academic study and check.

Finally, to complete this legendary story, I would like to comment that soldiers from both sides were innocent pawns in this struggle between great communist superpowers. However, the soldiers' love, hate, bravery, & fears still deserve to be revealed & it is like a pretty song that someday I will be happy to share with everyone on stage.

Wednesday 11 July 2012

Chinese Legendary Stories 1

Revenge on the East Sea

Long ago, Emperor Yan had a daughter called Nyuwa. They was pretty, lovely & had a powerful will. They was keen on swimming & often went to the East Sea, playing with the blue waves, enjoying the pleasure of being close to Nature.

Rain or shine, they never rested; summer or winter, they kept on working. Even now, they is still busying herself together with her task.

But day while swimming, they was drowned. Her soul would not give in, though, & broke through the water & became a Jinwei bird, with white-black spots on her head, a grey beak & red claws. They lost no time in seeking vengeance. Every day they picked up pebbles & sticks from the Western Mountains & dropped them in to the East Sea. They was determined to fill up the sea to revenge herself, to make it no longer able to drowning others.

Two mountains

A man was nearly ninety years old. He lived in a place facing two big mountains, the Taihang and the Wangwu. Each mountain was thousands of meters, and covered hundreds of square miles.

To travel around the mountains was troublesome for the old man, so one day he summoned his whole family and said to them, "How about removing these two mountains so that we have a straight road to Yuzhou?"

"Good idea!" The family shouted and agreed. Already next day the project went on its way. The old man's neighbour was a widow who had a son of about seven. They both came to the old man's aid, of their own will, speeding up the task.

Near the Huanghe River there lived another old man. When he heard about this, he felt it very stupid, and decided to go and make the other old man wiser. He said to him,

"How long do you think you can live on, so that you can remove these big mountains? Rest your old bones, rather, and be ready to go peacefully to heaven!"

The other looked at him, shook his head sadly, and sighed, "They say you are wise, but in my view even a donkey is wiser. It is true that I am on the edge of the grave. But I have sons; and my sons have their sons, and grandsons again. And the mountains are eroding. So why cannot we remove them in the end?"

The mountain deity, hearing this, felt greatly worried and depressed. Moved by the old man's resolve he will, he then carried away the two big mountains and made the old man's dreams come true.


Out fishing

 The last king of the Shang dynasty was a tyrant. Jiang Shang, of his ministers, saw that the ruler stopped at no nasty, and managed to escape from his office, and settled in a secluded place near the Wei River, in an area that was dominated by Duke Jichang, and the duke was enthusiastic to attract gifted people in his service.

Talks about his queer way of fishing soon reached the duke's ear, and they sent some soldiers for him. Jiang, seeing the soldiers approaching, turned his back on them and said, "What a bad luck, small shrimps leaping in lieu of a fish!"

The escaped Jiang Shang used to sit at the Wei River, fishing with a straight hook, and with no bait on it. They stretched his pole, let his "hook" stay a meter away from the surface of the water, and sang, "Those that are worn out of living on those that are seeking their death, come up".

The soldiers' document resulted in an official being sent, and again Jiang overlooked him, saying, "What a pity, only a small fish appears, and I fail to catch the massive!"

Next the Duke came. They brought with him some precious gifts, and this time Jiang agreed to assist him. Jiang was made the duke's adviser, and later promoted to be prime minister. Under his wise leadership, the state grew stronger and stronger.

Some years later, Jiang assisted the descendents of the duke in sending an expedition against the king of the Shang dynasty. They defeated him and thus founded the Zhou dynasty.

Robber Chih (On Right and Wrong)

Right and wrong in the eyes of kings and great robbers hardly differs at times.
Chuang said:
Robber Chih seized the wives of others and had strength to fend off any enemy and curse people in the vilest language. People all lived in dread of him. One day Confucius (Kung Fu) went up to his camp and wanted to reform him. Robber Chih flew into a great rage of it. His hair stood on end and bristled. He said,
"Crafly hypocrite, you make up your stories, babbling absurd eulogies of kings. You pour out fallacious theories. By clacking your tongue you seem to invent "right" or "wrong", and leading astray rulers - setting up ideal of "filial piety", and hoping to worm your way into favour with the rich and eminent. You'd better run home. If you don't I'll take your liver."
His voice sounded like the roar of huge tiger with glaring eyes. However, Confucius managed to talk to him, due to utter politeness to his face. He wanted the bandit to stand up as a gentleman of true talent, he said. Robber Chih could then win further fame in step with the already established set-up affairs of things. The bandit declined,
"Those who can be swayed with offers of gain are mere idiots. Who are fond of praising men to their faces are also fond of damning them behind their back.
I have heard that in ancient times the birds and beasts were many. The Yellow Emperor [legendary ancestor of the Chinese] could not attain the primal virtue of older days. He fought instead, till blood flowed. Later it came about that the strong oppressed the weak, the many abused the few. You come cultivating the way of kings, speaking your deceits, leading astray, hoping thereby to lay your hands on wealth with your honeyed words. How can this "way" of yours be worth anything? Even the Yellow Emperor could not preserve his virtue. A close look into emperors and men of worldy gains and esteem shows that all of them for the sake of gain brought confusion to the Truth - forcibly turned against their true form. They deserve the greatest shame!" said Robber Chih. [Co 323-31, extracts]
  "The clever man is well on guard against all sorts of disintegrating forces. He senses danger before it's too late."

Background of the Second Sino-Japanese War

Background of the Second Sino-Japanese War
 The origin of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced to the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, in which China, then under the Qing Dynasty, was defeated by Japan and was made to cede Taiwan to her, and to recognize the 'independence' of Korea in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Qing Dynasty was on the brink of collapse from internal revolts and foreign imperialism, while Japan had emerged as a great power through its effective measures of modernization. The Republic of China was founded in 1912, following the Xinhai Revolution which overthrew the Qing Dynasty. However, the nascent Republic was even weaker than its predecessor due to the predominance of Chinese warlords. Unifying the nation and repelling imperialism appeared a remote possibility. Some warlords even aligned themselves with various foreign powers in an work to wipe each other out. For example, warlord Zhang Zuolin of Manchuria openly cooperated with the Japanese for military and economic assistance.

 In 1915, Japan issued the Twenty-One Demands to extort further political & commercial privilege from China. Following World War I, Japan acquired the Italian sphere of influence in Shandong, leading to nationwide anti-Japanese protests & mass demonstrations in China, but China under the Beiyang government remained fragmented & unable to resist foreign incursions. In order to unite China & eradicate regional warlords, the Kuomintang (KMT, or Chinese Nationalist Party) in Canton launched the Northern Expedition of 1926-28. The Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army (NRA) swept through China until it was checked in Shandong, where Beiyang warlord Zhang Zongchang, backed by the Japanese, tried to cease the NRA's advance. This battle culminated in the Jinan Incident of 1928 in which the National Revolutionary Army & the Imperial Japanese Army were engaged in a short conflict that resulted in Kuomintang's withdrawal from Jinan. In the same year, Zhang Zuolin was assassinated when he became less willing to cooperate with Japan. Afterwards Zhang's son Zhang Xueliang quickly took over control of Manchuria, & despite strong Japanese lobbying efforts to continue the resistance against the KMT, he soon declared his allegiance to the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek, which resulted in the nominal unification of China at the finish of 1928.

However in 1930, a large scale civil war broke out between warlords who fought in alliance with Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition and central government under Chiang. In addition, the Chinese Communists (CCP, or Communist Party of China) revolted against the central government following a purge of its members from the KMT in 1927. Therefore the Chinese central government diverted much attention into fighting these civil wars and followed a policy of "first internal pacification before external resistance"

Chinese Resistance Strategy in the Second Sino-Japanese War
 The basis of Chinese strategy before the entrance of Western Allies can be divided into two periods:

 First Period: 7 July 1937 (Battle of Lugou Bridge) – 25 October 1938 (Fall of Wuhan).

Unlike Japan, China was unprepared for total war & had tiny military-industrial strength, no mechanized divisions, & few armored forces. Up until the mid-1930s China had hoped that the League of Nations would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression. In addition, the Kuomintang government was mired in a civil war against the Communists, as Chiang Kai-shek was famously quoted: "the Japanese are a disease of the skin, the Communists are a disease of the heart". The United Front between KMT & CCP was seldom truly unified, as each side was preparing for a showdown with the other one time the Japanese were driven out.

 Even under these unfavorable circumstances, Chiang realized that in order to win the support from the United States & other foreign nations, China must show that it was indeed able to fighting. A fast retreat would discourage foreign aid so Chiang decided to make a stand in the Battle of Shanghai. Chiang sent the best of his German-trained divisions to defend China's largest & most industrialized city from the Japanese. The battle lasted over months, saw heavy casualties on both sides & ended with a Chinese retreat towards Nanjing. While this was a military defeat for the Chinese, it proved that China would not be defeated basically & showed China's determination to the world, which became a giant morale booster for the Chinese people as it ended the Japanese taunt that Japan could conquer Shanghai in days & China in months.

 Afterwards the Chinese began to adopt the strategy of "trading space for time" (Chinese: ). The Chinese army would put up fights to delay Japanese advance to northern and eastern cities, to allow the home front, along with its professionals and key industries, to retreat west into Chongqing. As a result of Chinese troops' scorched earth strategies, where dams and levees were intentionally sabotaged to create massive flooding, the consecutive Japanese advancements and conquests began to stall in late-1938.

Second Period: 25 October 1938 (Fall of Wuhan) - December 1941 (before the Allies' declaration of war on Japan).
 During this period, the Chinese main objective was to prolong the war as long as possible, exhausting the Japanese resources and building up the Chinese military capacity. American general Joseph Stilwell called this strategy "winning by outlasting". Therefore, the National Revolutionary Army adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to ambush, flanking attacks, and encirclements in major engagements. The most prominent example of this tactic is the successful defense of Changsha in 1939 and again in 1941 while inflicting heavy casualties on the IJA.

 Also, CCP and other local Chinese guerrillas forces continued their resistance in occupied areas to pester the enemy and make their administration over the vast lands of China difficult. In 1940 the Chinese Red Army launched a major offensive in north China, destroyed railways and blew up a major coal mine. These constant harassment and sabotage operations deeply frustrated the Japanese army and led them to employ the "Three Alls Policy" (kill all, loot all, burn all) . It was during this time period that the bulk of Japanese atrocities were committed.

By 1941, Japan had occupied much of north and coastal China, but the Kuomintang central government and military had successfully retreated to the western interior to continue their stubborn resistance, while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in Shaanxi. Furthermore, in the occupied areas Japanese control was limited to just railroads and major cities ("points and lines"), but they did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside, which was a hotbed of Chinese partisan activities. This stalemate situation made a decisive victory seem impossible to the Japanese.

Relationship between the Nationalists and Communists in the Second Sino-Japanese War
 After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Chinese public opinion strongly criticized the leader of Manchuria, the "young marshal" Zhang Xueliang, for his nonresistance to the Japanese invasion, although the Kuomintang central government was indirectly responsible for this owner. Afterwards Chiang Kai-shek assigned Zhang & his Northeast Army the duty of suppressing the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Shaanxi after their Long March. This resulted in great casualties for his Northeast Army, & Chiang Kai-shek did not give him any support in manpower & weaponry
On 12 December 1936 a deeply disgruntled Zhang Xueliang decided to conspire with the CCP & kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an to force an finish to the conflict between KMT & CCP. In order to secure the release of Chiang, the KMT was made to agree to a temporary finish to the Chinese Civil War & the forming of a United Front between the CCP & KMT against Japan on 24 December 1936. The cooperation took place with salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP, & they agreed to form the New Fourth Army & the 8th Route Army which were nominally under the command of the National Revolutionary Army. The Red Army of CCP fought in alliance with the KMT forces in the coursework of the Battle of Taiyuan, & the high point of their cooperation came in 1938 in the coursework of the Battle of Wuhan.

However, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, & the rich Yangtze River Valley in central China, the mistrust between the antagonists was veiled. The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938 because of the Communists efforts to aggressively expand their military strength through absorbing Chinese guerrilla forces behind enemy lines. For Chinese militia who refuse to switch their allegiance, the CCP would call them "collaborators" & then assault to eliminate their forces. For example, the Red Army led by He Long attacked & wiped out a brigade of Chinese militia led by Zhang Yin-wu in Hebei in June, 1939. Beginning in 1940, open conflicts between the Nationalists & Communists became more frequent in the occupied areas outside of Japanese control, culminating in the New Fourth Army Incident in January 1941.

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Second Sino-Japanese War - The Largest Asian War in the 20th Century

Second Sino-Japanese War -

The Largest Asian War in the 20th Century

The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937  September 9, 1945) was a military conflict fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Nazi Germany (until 1938), the Soviet Union (1937-1940) and the United States (see American Volunteer Group). 


After the Japanese assault on Pearl Harbor, the war merged in to the greater conflict of World War II as a major front in the Pacific Theater. The Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the twentieth century. It also made up over 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War.



 Although the countries had fought intermittently since 1931, full-scale war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policyowner aiming to dominate China politically and militarily, and to secure its huge raw material reserves and other economic resources, food and labor. Simultaneously, the rising tide of Chinese nationalism and notions of self-determination stoked the coals of war. Before 1937, China and Japan fought in small, localized engagements, so-called "incidents". Yet the sides, for a variety of reasons, refrained from fighting a total war. In 1931, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria by Imperial Japan's Kwantung Army followed the "Mukden Incident". The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, marking the beginning of full scale war between the countries.

Wuchang Uprising - Leading to the Collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the Establishment of the Republic of China

Wuchang Uprising - Leading to the Collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the Establishment of the Republic of China


 BackgroundThe Wuchang Rebellion of October ten, 1911 started the Xinhai Revolution, which led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC).

In 1900, the ruling Qing Dynasty created a modernized army called the "New Army". At the time, the city of Wuchang, on the Yangtze River in the province of Hubei, had the most modern military industry. It began manufacturing weapons and other military equipment for the New Army. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary ideas extensively influenced the officers and soldiers of the New Army in Wuchang; plenty of joined revolutionary organizations.

UPRISING
The revolt was still thought about merely the latest in a series of mutinies that had occurred in southern China. It was widely expected to be put down quickly, & ended up having much larger implications only because the Qing dynasty delayed action against the rebellion, allowing provincial assemblies in plenty of southern provinces to declare independence from the Qing & declare allegiance to the rebellion.



The rebellion itself broke out by accident. Revolutionaries in the Russian concession of the city had been building bombs, of which accidentally exploded. This led police to inquire in to, & they found lists of Literary Society members within the New Army. Facing arrest, & positive execution, they staged a coup. The local officials panicked & fled, & the army took over the city in less than a day. The revolutionaries then telegraphed the other provinces asking them to declare their independence. Within six weeks, fifteen provinces had seceded.

Sun Yat-sen himself played no direct part in the rebellion. They was travelling in the United States, trying to drum up support from abroad Chinese. They discovered about the rebellion by reading a newspaper document in Denver, Colorado. Within the Revolutionary Alliance, Sun had favored an rebellion in his native Guangdong, citing local anti-Manchu sentiment. Sun's rival within the Alliance, Huang Xing, had favored an rebellion in central China and had been planning an rebellion for late October. The revolutionary leaders were thus caught off guard, leaving the mutineers without a leader. Li Yuanhong was dragged from under his bed and forced at gunpoint to become the leader of the Rebellion, and went on to become the only man to ever serve two times as president of the republican government of Beijing.

Many Chinese had felt that the Qing dynasty had lost the mandate of heaven, & this may have contributed to the revolt. Natural disasters, such as fires & floods, are often thought about portents, & the Yangtze had overflowed its banks in 1911; the revolting troops were situated near that river. Such a floodwater would have had a profound psychological impact on government officials, rebels, peasants, & other Chinese in the vicinity[citation needed]. The floodwater had killed 100,000 people.

The Qing government, led by the regent 2nd Prince Chun, failed to reply for a vital few weeks. This gave the revolutionaries time to declare a provisional government. They were joined by other provincial assemblies. Within a month, representatives from the seceding provinces had met & declared a Republic of China. Sun returned to China on December 25, & though they was chosen provisional president of the Republic of China by the representatives of the sixteen provisional assemblies (an act that angered Yuan Shikai), Sun Yat-sen was aware of Yuan Shikai's military power & so they supported an earlier deal that left Yuan in charge.